Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are protein transport nanomachines that are found in
Gram-negative bacterial pathogens and symbionts. Resembling molecular syringes, T3SSs …

Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are virulence factors produced by many pathogenic bacteria and
have long fascinated structural biologists, microbiologists and immunologists. Interestingly …

Type IV pili are part of a widespread superfamily of bacterial and archaeal cell surface
structures important for biofilm formation, motility, host adhesion, predation, DNA uptake …

One of the most exciting developments in the field of bacterial pathogenesis in recent years
is the discovery that many pathogens utilize complex nanomachines to deliver bacterially …

The flagellum and the injectisome are two of the most complex and fascinating bacterial
nanomachines. At their core, they share a type III secretion system (T3SS), a transmembrane …

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli are diarrheagenic
bacterial human pathogens that cause severe gastroenteritis. These enteric pathotypes …

Bacterial type IV secretion systems translocate virulence factors into eukaryotic cells,,
distribute genetic material between bacteria and have shown potential as a tool for the …

Type III protein secretion systems have specifically evolved to deliver bacterially encoded
proteins into target eukaryotic cells. The core elements of this multi-protein machine are the …

There is growing interest in the role of microorganisms in human health and disease, with
evidence showing that new types of biotherapy using engineered bacterial therapeutics …

The Type III secretion system (T3SS) is a protein export pathway that is widespread in Gram-
negative bacteria and delivers effector proteins directly into eukaryotic cells. At its core lie …