Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is an important inorganic mineral in biological and geological
systems. Traditionally, it is widely used in plastics, papermaking, ink, building materials …

BACKGROUND Numerous lines of evidence challenge the traditional interpretations of how
crystals nucleate and grow in synthetic and natural systems. In contrast to the monomer-by …

Nucleation, the initial process in vapor condensation, crystal nucleation, melting, and
boiling, is the localized emergence of a distinct thermodynamic phase at the nanoscale that …

Many crystallization processes of great importance, including frost heave, biomineralization,
the synthesis of nanomaterials, and scale formation, occur in small volumes rather than bulk …

All solid materials are created via nucleation. In this evolutionary process, nuclei form in
solution or at interfaces, expand by monomeric growth and oriented attachment, and …

Crystallisation is at the heart of various scientific disciplines, but still the understanding of the
molecular mechanisms underlying phase separation and the formation of the first solid …

Nucleation and growth are two important and entwined processes in materials synthesis and
engineering. While understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of the processes remain …

Despite its importance in many industrial, geological and biological processes, the
mechanism of crystallization from supersaturated solutions remains a matter of debate …

Metal carbonates, which are ubiquitous in the near-surface mineral record, are a major
product of biomineralizing organisms and serve as important targets for capturing …

Biomineralization is an important tactic by which biological organisms produce hierarchically
structured minerals with marvellous functions. Biomineralization studies typically focus on …