The current understanding of lactate extends from its origins as a byproduct of glycolysis to
its role in tumor metabolism, as identified by studies on the Warburg effect. The lactate …

Simple Summary Higher plants face a variety of stress conditions. There are a number of
different antioxidant enzymes that help plants to cope with these stresses. During stresses …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a group of short-lived, highly reactive, oxygen-
containing molecules that can induce DNA damage and affect the DNA damage response …

A large number of reviews have discussed many aspects of oxidative burst due to plant
exposure to biotic and abiotic stresses, including the dual role of reactive oxygen species …

On the basis of its generally accessible I/II redox couple and bioavailability, copper plays a
wide variety of roles in nature that mostly involve electron transfer (ET), O 2 binding …

Superoxide, O2•−, is formed in all living organisms that come in contact with air, and,
depending upon its biological context, it may act as a signaling agent, a toxic species, or a …

The ancestors of cyanobacteria generated Earth's first biogenic molecular oxygen, but how
they dealt with oxidative stress remains unconstrained. Here we investigate when …

Copper is an important trace element that is required for essential enzymes. However, due
to its redox activity, copper can also lead to the generation of toxic reactive oxygen species …

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme functional for physiological defense
strategies in animals and plants against free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes chronic bronchitis and
emphysema. Environmental exposure, primarily cigarette smoking, can cause high oxidative …