Fish is considered to be an important model in comparative immunology studies because it
is a representative population of lower vertebrates serving as an essential link to early …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of immune sensors that play crucial roles in
detecting and responding to the conserved patterns of microorganisms. To date, many …

Probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have been successfully used to
promote growth and prevent diseases. Previous reports have demonstrated that Bacillus …

Overcrowding conditions and temperatures shifts regularly manifest in large-scale infections
of farmed fish, resulting in economic losses for the global aquaculture industries. Increased …

The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat–containing family (NLR) proteins
are innate immune sensors which recognize highly conserved pathogen-associated …

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NOD-like receptors or NLRs) are
key members of the immune system that act as intracellular sentinels. These pathogen …

The mucosal immune system of fish is a complex network of immune cells and molecules
that are constantly surveilling the environment and protecting the host from infection. A …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in inducing inflammatory responses;
they recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, damage-associated molecular …

NLRP3 inflammasome is one of the most well-known inflammasomes in mammals, which
plays critical roles in innate immunity. However, knowledge about this inflammasome in non …

Innate immune system plays a significant role in all multicellular organisms. The key feature
of the system is its ability to recognize and respond to invading microorganisms. Vertebrates …