TRH is a tripeptide amide that functions as a neurotransmitter but also serves as a
neurohormone that has a critical role in the central regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary …

The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is the primary driver of hypothalamo–
pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) responses. At least part of the role of the PVN is managing …

All organisms possess innate behavioural and physiological programmes that ensure
survival. In order to have maximum adaptive benefit, these programmes must be sufficiently …

In November 1955, Geoffrey Harris published a paper based on the Christian A Herter
Lecture he had given earlier that year at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, MD, USA …

Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a key role in initiating many of the endocrine,
autonomic, and behavioral responses to stress. CRF-containing neurons of the …

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a persistent anthropogenic chemical that can affect
the thyroid hormone system in humans and animals. In adults, thyroid hormones (THs) are …

Background Mental health and vulnerabilities to neuropsychiatric disorders involve the
interplay of genes and environment, particularly during sensitive developmental periods …

Abstract Corticotrophin Releasing Factor (CRF) is a critical stress-related neuropeptide in
major output pathways of the amygdala, including the central nucleus (CeA), and in a key …

Stress elicits neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses that mitigate
homeostatic imbalance and ensure survival. However, chronic engagement of such …

Defensive behaviors in response to a threat are shared across the animal kingdom. Active
(fleeing, sheltering) or passive (freezing, avoiding) defensive responses are adaptive and …