We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Equilibrium climate sensitivity characterizes the Earth's long-term global temperature
response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. It has reached almost iconic status …

Improved knowledge of glacial-to-interglacial global temperature change yields Charney
(fast-feedback) equilibrium climate sensitivity 1.2±0.3° C (2σ) per W/m2, which is 4.8° C±1.2° …

Many feedback loops significantly increase warming due to greenhouse gas emissions.
However, not all of these feedbacks are fully accounted for in climate models. Thus …

Abstract The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), one of the best studied palaeoclimatic intervals,
offers an excellent opportunity to investigate how the climate system responds to changes in …

The evolution of Earth's climate on geological timescales is largely driven by variations in
the magnitude of total solar irradiance (TSI) and changes in the greenhouse gas content of …

Variations in Earth's orbit pace the glacial-interglacial cycles of the Quaternary, but the
mechanisms that transform regional and seasonal variations in solar insolation into glacial …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

We assess climate impacts of global warming using ongoing observations and paleoclimate
data. We use Earth's measured energy imbalance, paleoclimate data, and simple …

Reconstructions of Earth's past climate strongly influence our understanding of the dynamics
and sensitivity of the climate system. Yet global temperature has been reconstructed for only …