Water oxidation is a key chemical transformation for the conversion of solar energy into
chemical fuels. Our review focuses on recent work on robust earth-abundant heterogeneous …

Biological water oxidation, performed by a single enzyme, photosystem II, is a central
research topic not only in understanding the photosynthetic apparatus but also for the …

Life on earth is almost entirely solar-powered. We can get some idea of the enormous
quantity of energy received from the sun by noting that during daylight hours, the sun …

Oxygenic photosynthesis, the principal converter of sunlight into chemical energy on earth,
is catalyzed by four multi-subunit membrane-protein complexes: photosystem I (PSI) …

A tetramanganese cluster (Mn4) resides at the active site of photosystem II (PSII) in green
plants and in certain bacteria and algae. It catalyzes the light-driven water oxidation reaction …

Given the well-defined enzymology of the manganese catalases and recent advances in the
structural biology of these proteins, this is an excellent area for corroborative modeling of the …

A key question for the understanding of photosynthetic water oxidation is whether the four
oxidizing equivalents necessary to oxidize water to dioxygen are accumulated on the four …

The heart of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II is a Mn4O x Ca cluster
that cycles through five different oxidation states (S0 to S4) during the light-driven water …

The pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) methods of electron spin echo
envelope modulation (ESEEM) and electron spin echo-electron nuclear double resonance …

A mechanism for photosynthetic water oxidation is proposed based on a structural model of
the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) and its placement into the modeled structure of the …