The negative impacts of pesticides, in particular insecticides, on bees and other pollinators
have never been disputed. Insecticides can directly kill these vital insects, whereas …

For thousands of years, honey has been used for medicinal applications. The beneficial
effects of honey, particularly its anti-microbial activity represent it as a useful option for …

Microsporidia are obligate intracellular pathogens related to Fungi. These organisms have a
unique invasion organelle, the polar tube, which upon appropriate environmental …

Nosema ceranae is a hot topic in honey bee health as reflected by numerous papers
published every year. This review presents an update of the knowledge generated in the last …

Highlights•Nutritional stress and disease are two of the main concerns in honey bee
health.•Poor nutrition can lead to increased susceptibility to viral and fungal diseases.•Some …

Methods are described for working with Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in the field and
in the laboratory. For fieldwork, different sampling methods are described to determine …

Global pollinators, like honeybees, are declining in abundance and diversity, which can
adversely affect natural ecosystems and agriculture. Therefore, we tested the current …

Background The honeybee, Apis mellifera, is undergoing a worldwide decline whose origin
is still in debate. Studies performed for twenty years suggest that this decline may involve …

Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite described from the Asian honey bee, Apis
cerana. The parasite is cross-infective with the European honey bee, Apis mellifera. It is not …

Nosema ceranae is an intracellular parasite invading the midgut of honeybees, which
causes serious nosemosis implicated in honeybee colony losses worldwide. The core gut …