Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 was followed by sanctions and restrictions: by
Russia against its citizens, by Russia against the world, and by foreign actors against …

The global escalation of Internet censorship by nation-state actors has led to an ongoing
arms race between censors and obfuscated circumvention proxies. Research over the past …

As more users adopt VPNs for a variety of reasons, it is important to develop empirical
knowledge of their needs and mental models of what a VPN offers. Moreover, studying VPN …

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) authenticate and encrypt network traffic to protect users'
security and privacy, and are used in professional and personal settings to defend against …

Abstract Virtual Private Network (VPN) can provide a concealed transmission channel for
communication and protect the privacy of users. However, it also brings hidden dangers to …

Application fingerprinting is a useful data analysis technique for network administrators,
marketing agencies, and security analysts. For example, an administrator can adopt …

Encryption of network traffic should guarantee anonymity and prevent potential interception
of information. Encrypted virtual private networks (VPNs) are designed to create special data …

Identifying VPN servers is a crucial task in various situations, such as geo-fraud detection,
bot traffic analysis and network attack identification. Although numerous studies that focus …

Fully Encrypted Protocols (FEPs) have arisen in practice as a technique to avoid network
censorship. Such protocols are designed to produce messages that appear completely …

Internet censorship limits the access of nodes residing within a specific network environment
to the public Internet, and vice versa. During the last decade, techniques for conducting …