The comet assay is a versatile method to detect nuclear DNA damage in individual
eukaryotic cells, from yeast to human. The types of damage detected encompass DNA …

During the past few decades, the science of toxicology has been undergoing a
transformation from observational to predictive science. New approach methodologies …

The epithelium that covers the conducting airways and alveoli is a primary target for inhaled
toxic substances, and therefore a focus in inhalation toxicology. The increasing concern …

Alternative methods to animal use in toxicology are evolving with new advanced tools and
multilevel approaches, to answer from one side to 3Rs requirements, and on the other side …

The aim of this review is to provide a systematic design guideline to users, particularly
engineers interested in develo** and deploying lung models, and biologists seeking to …

Use of three-dimensional (3D) tissue equivalents in toxicology has been increasing over the
last decade as novel preclinical test systems and as alternatives to animal testing. In the …

Reliable and predictive in vitro assays for hazard assessments of manufactured
nanomaterials (MNMs) are still limited. Specifically, exposure systems which more …

Abstract 3D cell culture models exposed at the air-liquid interface (ALI) represent a potential
alternative to animal experiments for hazard and risk assessment of inhaled compounds …

Inhalation is the most relevant entry point for nanoparticles (NPs) into the human body. To
date, toxicity testing of nanomaterials in respect to oral, dermal and inhalative application is …

During the last few decades, nanotechnology has evolved into a success story, apparent
from a steadily increasing number of scientific publications as well as a large number of …