Degeneration of photoreceptors in the retina is a leading cause of blindness, but commonly
leaves the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and/or bipolar cells extant. Consequently, these …

Abstract Infrared (IR) neuromodulation (INM) is an emerging light-based neuromodulation
approach that can reversibly control neuronal and muscular activities through the transient …

All electric and magnetic stimulation of the brain deposits thermal energy in the brain. This
occurs through either Joule heating of the conductors carrying current through electrodes …

Objective. Thermal block of action potential conduction using infrared lasers is a new
modality for manipulating neural activity. It could be used for analysis of the nervous system …

Novel clinical treatments to target peripheral nerves are being developed which primarily
use electrical current. Recently, infrared (IR) light was shown to inhibit peripheral nerves …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a powerful tool for the treatment of circuitopathy-related
neurological and psychiatric diseases and disorders such as Parkinson's disease and …

Astrocytes are non‐neuronal cells that govern the homeostatic regulation of the brain
through ions and water transport, and Ca2+‐mediated signaling. As they are tightly …

At present there is some debate as to the processes by which infrared neural stimulation
(INS) activates neurons in the cochlea, as the lasers used for INS can potentially generate a …

The excitatory and inhibitory effects of single and brief infrared (IR) light pulses (2 µm) with
millisecond durations and various power levels are investigated with a custom-built fiber …

In the present study we combined electrophysiology with optical heat pulse stimuli to
examine thermodynamics of membrane electrical excitability in mammalian vestibular hair …