H+-ATPases, including the phosphorylated intermediate–type (P-type) and vacuolar-type (V-
type) H+-ATPases, are important ATP-driven proton pumps that generate membrane …

Cold stress has always been a significant limitation for plant development and causes
substantial decreases in crop yield. Some temperate plants, such as Arabidopsis, have the …

The functions of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, boron, and chlorine in
plants are discussed. Iron (Fe) plays a crucial role in redox systems in cells and various …

Plant abiotic stress leads to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a
consequent decrease in photosynthetic performance. We demonstrate that a plant …

The environmental stress is a major area of scientific concern because it constraints plant as
well as crop productivity. This situation has been further worsened by anthropogenic …

Salinity is one of the significant abiotic stresses that negatively affect plant production
processes, growth, and development, which ultimately reduce yield. Plants adapt specific …

Salinity is a consistent factor of crop productivity loss in the world and in particular arid and
semi-arid areas where the soil salinity and saline water are major problems. Plants employ …

Stomatal guard cells are widely recognized as the premier plant cell model for membrane
transport, signaling, and homeostasis. This recognition is rooted in half a century of research …

▪ Abstract Plant responses to salinity stress are reviewed with emphasis on molecular
mechanisms of signal transduction and on the physiological consequences of altered gene …

Abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, chemical toxicity and
oxidative stress are serious threats to agriculture and the natural status of the environment …