N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP),
dizocilpine (MK-801) and ketamine have long been considered a model of schizophrenia …

Endophenotypes, measurable components unseen by the unaided eye along the pathway
between disease and distal genotype, have emerged as an important concept in the study of …

Classic cognitive theory conceptualizes executive functions as involving multiple specific
domains, including initiation, inhibition, working memory, flexibility, planning, and vigilance …

Importance Prior studies have demonstrated reduced dendritic spine density in the
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in schizophrenia. However, it remains unclear how …

Context Prefrontal cortical dysfunction is frequently reported in schizophrenia. It remains
unclear whether this represents the coincidence of several prefrontal region-and process …

Importance Psychotic disorders (including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and
psychotic bipolar disorder) are devastating illnesses characterized by breakdown in the …

Background Schizophrenia is characterized by small reductions in cortical gray matter
volume, particularly in the temporal and prefrontal cortices. The question of whether cortical …

Working memory (WM) deficit is a cardinal cognitive symptom of schizophrenia, but the
differences among the tasks and measures used to assess WM make it difficult to compare …

Several neuroimaging studies have reported 'hypofrontality'in depressed patients
performing a cognitive challenge compared to control subjects. Hypofrontality in depression …

Studies in nonhuman primates documented that appropriate stimulation of dopamine (DA)
D1 receptors in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is critical for working memory …