Proteolytic enzymes are crucial for a variety of biological processes in organisms ranging
from lower (virus, bacteria, and parasite) to the higher organisms (mammals). Proteases …

The liver fluke remains an economically significant parasite of livestock and is emerging as
an important zoonotic infection of humans. The incidence of the disease has increased in …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by parasites have important roles in establishing and
maintaining infection. Analysis of the soluble and vesicular secretions of adult Fasciola …

To infect their mammalian hosts, Fasciola hepatica larvae must penetrate and traverse the
intestinal wall of the duodenum, move through the peritoneum, and penetrate the liver. After …

During helminth infections, alternatively activated macrophages (AAMacs) are key to
promoting Th2 responses and suppressing Th1-driven inflammatory pathology. Th2 …

Proteases frequently function not only as individual enzymes but also in cascades or
networks. A notable evolutionary switch occurred in one such protease network that is …

Schistosoma japonicum, Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica are digenetic trematodes and,
therefore, possess similar life cycles. While schistosomiasis japonica has for a long time …

Probing protein function in parasitic flatworms is hampered by the difficulties associated with
the development of transgenic approaches. Although RNA interference (RNAi) in …

Helminth pathogens prepare a Th2 type immunological environment in their hosts to ensure
their longevity. They achieve this by secreting molecules that not only actively drive type 2 …

Fasciola hepatica is a helminth pathogen that drives Th2/Treg immune responses in its
mammalian host. The parasite releases a large number of molecules that are critical to …