Major depression is a leading contributor to the global burden of disease. This situation is
mainly related to the chronicity and/or recurrence of the disorder, and to poor response to …

Research has elucidated causal links between stress exposure and the development of
anxiety disorders, but due to the limited use of female or sex-comparative animal models …

BACKGROUND: Traumatic experiences in early life are risk factors for the development of
behavioral and emotional disorders. Such disorders can persist through adulthood and have …

Early life stress (ELS) developmental effects have been widely studied by preclinical
researchers. Despite the growing body of evidence from ELS models, such as the maternal …

Animal models of psychiatric disorders are usually discussed with regard to three criteria first
elaborated by Willner; face, predictive and construct validity. Here, we draw the history of …

Psychiatry has proven to be among the least penetrable clinical disciplines for the
development of satisfactory in vivo model systems for evaluating novel treatment …

Early-life stress during the prenatal and postnatal periods affects the formation of neural
networks that influence brain function throughout life. Previous studies have indicated that …

Rationale Early life stress has been implicated in many psychiatric disorders ranging from
depression to anxiety. Maternal separation in rodents is a well-studied model of early life …

The early life of most mammals is spent in close contact with the mother, and for the
neonate, early maternal separation is a traumatic event that, depending on various …

Identifying biological mechanisms through which genes lead to individual differences in
emotional behavior is paramount to our understanding of how such differences confer risk …