In one decade, immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) has become
a new pillar of cancer treatment following surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted …

Antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1 rescue T
cells from exhausted status and revive immune response against cancer cells. Based on the …

Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) include tumor cells, immune cells, cytokines, etc.
The interactions between these components, which are divided into anti-tumor and pro …

Galectins are a family of endogenous glycan-binding proteins that have crucial roles in a
broad range of physiological and pathological processes. As a group, these proteins use …

Several mechanisms and cell types are involved in the regulation of the immune response.
These include mostly regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory macrophages (Mregs), myeloid …

Traditional cancer treatments use nonspecific drugs and monoclonal antibodies to target
tumor cells. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, however, leverages the immune …

Strategies to therapeutically target the tumor microenvironment (TME) have emerged as a
promising approach for cancer treatment in recent years due to the critical roles of the TME …

Ongoing research has revealed that the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is one of the
biggest obstacles in the current cancer therapy. CSCs make an influential function in tumor …

According to the widely accepted" three Es" model, the host immune system eliminates
malignant cell precursors and contains microscopic neoplasms in a dynamic equilibrium …

The T lymphocyte, especially its capacity for antigen-directed cytotoxicity, has become a
central focus for engaging the immune system in the fight against cancer. Basic science …