Context: Shoulder injuries are highly prevalent in sports involving the upper extremity. Some
risk factors have been identified in the literature, but consensus is still lacking. Objectives: To …

The shoulder is at high risk for injury during overhead sports, in particular in throwing or
hitting activities, such as baseball, tennis, handball, and volleyball. In order to create a …

There is a growing body of literature associating abnormal scapular positions and motions,
and, to a lesser degree, clavicular kinematics with a variety of shoulder pathologies. The …

Shoulder injuries and sports-related shoulder pain are substantial burdens for athletes
performing a shoulder loading sport. The burden of shoulder problems in the athletic …

Background: Scapular dyskinesis, or abnormal dynamic scapular control, is a condition that
is commonly associated with shoulder pathology but is also present in asymptomatic …

The incidence of rotator cuff tears increases with age, with full-thickness rotator cuff tears
present in approximately 25% of individuals in their sixties, and more than 50% of those in …

Background and Objectives: Upper crossed syndrome (UCS) is a common musculoskeletal
condition that is characterized by tightness and weakness of the muscles of the neck …

Purpose In order to provide science‐based guidelines for injury prevention or return to play,
regular measurement of isometric and eccentric internal (IR) and external (ER) rotator …

Background The global range of motion of the arm is the result of a coordinated motion of
the shoulder complex including glenohumeral (GH), scapulothoracic, sternoclavicular and …

Background Exercise is frequently suggested as a treatment option for patients presenting
with symptoms of subacromial im**ement syndrome. Some would argue implementing a …