There is growing recognition that B cell contributions to normal immune responses extend
well beyond their potential to become antibody-producing cells, including roles at the innate …

CXCL13 is a B-cell chemokine produced mainly by mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer
cells, follicular dendritic cells, and human T follicular helper cells. By binding to its receptor …

Abstract Background The CD40–CD40L costimulatory pathway regulates adaptive and
innate immune responses and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple …

Recent studies have implicated chemokines in microglial activation and pathogenesis of
neuropathic pain. CXC motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13) is a B lymphocyte chemoattractant …

Despite improved understanding of the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory disorders of the
brain and development of new diagnostic markers, our biomarker repertoire to demonstrate …

Biomarkers can be thought of as multifaceted indicators of healthy status or of pathological
disorders. The study of multiple sclerosis can benefit from the use of biomarkers because of …

Background Cytokines play multiple roles during neuro-inflammatory processes and several
cytokines have been studied in the context of specific diseases. This study provides a …

Objective: The impact of present disease‐modifying treatments (DMTs) in multiple sclerosis
(MS) on nerve injury and reactive astrogliosis is still unclear. Therefore, we studied the effect …

The causes of incomplete remyelination in progressive multiple sclerosis are unknown, as
are the pathological correlates of the different clinical characteristics of patients with primary …

Activation of innate immune cells and other compartmentalized inflammatory cells in the
brains and spinal cords of people with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and …