Highlights•Small proteins are important players in multiple cellular processes.•Ribo-Seq
studies have improved the genome-wide identification of small proteins.•New strategies in …

Proteins with up to 100 amino acids have been largely overlooked due to the challenges
associated with predicting and identifying them using traditional methods. Recent advances …

Cellular novelty can emerge when non-functional loci become functional genes in a process
termed de novo gene birth. But how proteins with random amino acid sequences …

Most bacterial ORFs are identified by automated prediction algorithms. However, these
algorithms often fail to identify ORFs lacking canonical features such as a length of> 50 …

Streptococcus pneumoniae, an opportunistic human pathogen, is the leading cause of
community-acquired pneumonia and an agent of otitis media, septicemia, and meningitis …

Protamine, an antimicrobial protein derived from salmon sperm with a molecular weight of
approximately 5 kDa, is composed of 60–70% arginine and is a highly charged protein …

Genomic studies of bacteria have long pointed toward widespread prevalence of small open
reading frames (sORFs) encoding for short proteins,< 100 amino acids in length. Despite the …

Microproteins encoded by small open reading frames comprise the" dark matter" of
proteomes. Although microproteins have been detected in diverse organisms from all three …

The ever-growing repertoire of genomic techniques continues to expand our understanding
of the true diversity and richness of prokaryotic genomes. Riboproteogenomics laid the …

Engineering the genetic code of an organism provides the basis for (i) making any organism
safely resistant to natural viruses and (ii) preventing genetic information flow into and out of …