The immune system probably evolved to limit the negative effects exerted by pathogens on
host homeostasis. This defence strategy relies on the concerted action of innate and …

Wolbachia are the most abundant bacterial endosymbionts among arthropods. Although
maternally inherited, they do not conform to the widespread view that vertical transmission …

Mosquito species, members of the genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex, are the major
vectors of human pathogens including protozoa (Plasmodium sp.), filariae and of a variety of …

In the last decade, bacterial symbionts have been shown to play an important role in
protecting hosts against pathogens. Wolbachia, a widespread symbiont in arthropods, can …

Insects have evolved obligate, mutualistic interactions with bacteria without further
transmission to other eukaryotic organisms. Such long-term obligate partnerships between …

Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria that infect a vast range of arthropod species, making
them one of the most prevalent endosymbionts in the world. Wolbachia's stunning …

Maternally transmitted associations between endosymbiotic bacteria and insects are diverse
and widespread in nature. Owing to imperfect vertical transmission, many heritable microbes …

The environment, directly and indirectly, affects many mosquito traits in both the larval and
adult stages. The availability of food resources is one of the key factors influencing these …

Facilitation occurs when one species positively impacts the fitness of another, and has
predominantly been studied in free-living species like plants. Facilitation can also occur …

The obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii is the etiological agent of Q fever, a
widespread zoonotic disease whose most common animal reservoirs are domestic …