Purpose Pain and delirium are common problems for older people. Both conditions are
prevalent in acute hospital settings. In people living in the community, delirium often …

This is an updated, comprehensive review of the psychometric properties of behavioral pain
assessment tools for use with noncommunicative, critically ill adults. Articles were searched …

Background Procedural pain is a frequent problem in intensive care units (ICUs). For that,
pain assessment has been increasingly introduced to the ICU professional's routine, and …

Background Pain is frequently encountered in the intensive care setting. Given the impact of
pain assessment on patient outcomes and length of hospital stay, studies have been …

Background Pain assessment in brain-injured patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) is
challenging and existing scales may not be representative of behavioral reactions …

Background The critical care pain observation tool (CPOT) has been widely used to assess
pain in ICU patients, and its validity and reliability have been tested in various contexts …

Background Pain assessment in unconscious patients is a major challenge for healthcare
providers. This study aims to compare the diagnostic value of the critical-care pain …

Background: Palliative sedation is sometimes needed for refractory symptoms, and the
Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale (RASS) is one of the key measures. The primary aim of …

Context Pain and delirium are highly prevalent in the same patient groups. Disturbances in
attention, awareness, and cognition are characteristics for delirium and can compromise …

Background Assessing pain in critically ill patients who cannot communicate verbally poses
significant challenges. Traditional self-report measures are ineffective for these patients …