Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells play a key role in the elimination of intracellular infections and
malignant cells and can provide long-term protective immunity. In the response to infection …

Mitochondrial metabolism must constantly adapt to stress conditions in order to maintain
bioenergetic levels related to cellular functions. This absence of proper adaptation can be …

Sex and aging influence the human immune system, resulting in disparate responses to
infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. However, the impact of sex and aging on the immune …

Measurement of oxygen consumption is a powerful and uniquely informative experimental
technique. It can help identify mitochondrial mechanisms of action following pharmacologic …

Long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) oxidation has been shown to play an important role in
interleukin-4 (IL-4)-mediated macrophage polarization (M (IL-4)). However, many of these …

Nitric Oxide (NO) is a soluble endogenous gas with various biological functions like
signaling, and working as an effector molecule or metabolic regulator. In response to …

Natural killer (NK) cells are a critical first line of defense against viral infection. Rare
mutations in a small subset of transcription factors can result in decreased NK cell numbers …

The maintenance of cellular function relies on the close regulation of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and hydrolysis. ATP hydrolysis by mitochondrial ATP Synthase …

During sprouting angiogenesis, an individual endothelial tip cell grows out from a pre-
existing vascular network and guides following and proliferating stalk cells to form a new …

Modulation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) holds promise for cancer treatment,
mainly relying on M1 signaling activation and pro-inflammatory promotion. Nevertheless, the …