Cancer is a multifactorial disease that is responsible for 10 million deaths per year. The intra-
and inter-heterogeneity of malignant tumors make it difficult to develop single targeted …

Neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and brain cancers are difficult to
treat with current drugs as their delivery efficacy to the brain is severely hampered by the …

Animal testing is used in pharmaceutical and industrial research to predict human toxicity,
and yet analysis suggests that animal models are poor predictors of drug safety in humans …

Over the last decade, 3D bioprinting has received immense attention from research
communities for develo** functional tissues. Thanks to the complexity of tissues, various …

Animal models have provided invaluable information in the pursuit of medical knowledge
and alleviation of human suffering. The foundations of our basic understanding of disease …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent case of neurodegenerative disease and is
becoming a major public health problem all over the world. Many therapeutic strategies …

Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip models of human intestine have been developed and used to
study intestinal physiology and pathophysiology. In this article, we review this field and …

Methodological quality (risk of bias) assessment is an important step before study initiation
usage. Therefore, accurately judging study type is the first priority, and the choosing proper …

Target identification (determining the correct drug targets for a disease) and target validation
(demonstrating an effect of target perturbation on disease biomarkers and disease end …

Objective To systematically review the methodological assessment tools for pre‐clinical and
clinical studies, systematic review and meta‐analysis, and clinical practice guideline …