Cognitive neuroscience has highlighted the cerebral cortex while often overlooking
subcortical structures. This cortical proclivity is found in basic and translational research on …

Humans and non-human primates share an elemental quantification system that resides in a
dedicated neural network in the parietal and frontal lobes. In this cortical network,'number …

It is unknown whether anatomical specializations in the endbrains of different vertebrates
determine the neuronal code to represent numerical quantity. Therefore, we recorded single …

Evolution selects for traits that are of adaptive value and increase the fitness of an individual
or population. Numerical competence, the ability to estimate and process the number of …

Highlights•We developed a cognitive test battery for wild New Zealand robins, Petroica
longipes.•Robins varied greatly in their cognitive performance in the six test battery tasks.•A …

Background Humans and non-human animals share an approximate non-verbal system for
representing and comparing numerosities that has no upper limit and for which accuracy is …

Although the numerical abilities of many vertebrate species have been investigated in the
scientific literature, there are few convincing accounts of invertebrate numerical competence …

The ability to estimate number is widespread throughout the animal kingdom. Based on the
relative close phylogenetic relationship (and thus equivalent brain structures), non-verbal …

Numerical cognition is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. Domestic chicks are a widely used
developmental model for studying numerical cognition. Soon after hatching, chicks can …

Background Research on human infants, mammals, birds and fish has demonstrated that
rudimentary numerical abilities pre-date the evolution of human language. Yet there is …