Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines. Despite being widely used in
vaccines, their action mechanisms are not yet clear. With a greater understanding of the …

The use of antibiotics has enabled the successful treatment of bacterial infections, saving the
lives and improving the health of many patients worldwide. However, the emergence and …

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination has been reported to decrease susceptibility to
respiratory tract infections, an effect proposed to be mediated by the general long-term …

SARS-CoV-2 infection is mild in the majority of individuals but progresses into severe
pneumonia in a small proportion of patients. The increased susceptibility to severe disease …

In addition to its specific effect against tuberculosis, the BCG vaccine has beneficial non-
specific (offtarget) effects on the immune system that protect against a wide range of other …

Abstract Background Some strains of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine not only
confer protection against disseminated forms of tuberculosis, but also reduce all-cause …

Traditionally, the innate and adaptive immune systems are differentiated by their specificity
and memory capacity. In recent years, however, this paradigm has shifted: Cells of the …

Summary Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), an experimental vaccine
designed to protect cattle from bovine tuberculosis, was administered for the first time to a …

Despite the overwhelming success of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases, there
remain numerous globally devastating diseases without fully protective vaccines, particularly …

Despite having been identified as the organism that causes tuberculosis in 1882,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has managed to still evade our understanding of the protective …