During the final metres of the powered descent of Apollo 11, astronauts Neil Armstrong and
Buzz Aldrin lost sight of the lunar surface. As the retro-rockets fired towards the lunar dust–or …

After landing in the Utopia Planitia, Tianwen-1 formed the deepest landing crater on Mars,
approximately 40 cm deep, exposing precious information about the mechanical properties …

The interactions between rocket exhaust plumes and the surface of extraterrestrial bodies
during spacecraft landings involve complex multiphase flow dynamics that pose significant …

A rocket plume im**ing on the lunar surface when a lunar lander approaches a landing
site can cause significant dust dispersal. This study investigated the near-field rocket plume …

In the present work, a numerical framework is developed for simulating gas-solid flows
associated with interaction of a rocket plume on a planetary surface. For this investigation, a …

Multiple nations are planning activity on the Moon's surface, and to deconflict lunar
operations we must understand the sandblasting damage from rocket exhaust blowing soil …

The soil‐blowing phenomena observed in the Apollo lunar missions have not previously
been described in the literature in sufficient detail to elucidate the physical processes and to …

The present investigation focused on adapting and validating stereo-photogrammetry for
obtaining three-dimensional, time-resolved, nonintrusive, full-domain measurements of …

Future missions to the Moon may require numerous landings at the same site. Since the top
few centimeters are loosely packed regolith, plume im**ement from the Lander ejects the …

During landing, the plume from the lander erodes the regolith on the lunar surface, thus
destroying the nature of this surface. Landing also provides an opportunity to extract the …