It is firmly established that plants respond to biotic and abiotic stimuli by emitting volatile
organic compounds (VOCs). These VOCs provide information on the physiological status of …

Fusarium diseases of small grain cereals and maize cause significant yield losses
worldwide. Fusarium infections result in reduced grain yield and contamination with …

Herbivorous insects use diverse feeding strategies to obtain nutrients from their host plants.
Rather than acting as passive victims in these interactions, plants respond to herbivory with …

The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) exerts direct control over the production of chemical
defense compounds that confer resistance to a remarkable spectrum of plant-associated …

Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a hallmark of successful recognition of
infection and activation of plant defenses. ROS play multifaceted signaling functions …

Plants have evolved sophisticated systems to cope with herbivore challenges. When plants
perceive herbivore-derived physical and chemical cues, such as elicitors in insects' oral …

Under herbivore attack plants mount a defence response characterized by the accumulation
of secondary metabolites and inhibitory proteins. Significant changes are observed in the …

Plants have to cope with a plethora of biotic stresses such as herbivory and pathogen
attacks throughout their life cycle. The biotic stresses typically trigger rapid emissions of …

Multicellular organisms suffer injury and serve as hosts for microorganisms. Therefore, they
require mechanisms to detect injury and to distinguish the self from the non-self and the …

Successful defense depends on the ability of the plant to recognize an attacking 'enemy'as
early as possible. Early defense responses require enemy-initiated signaling cascades …