Routine assessment and management of neonatal pain has evolved to become an
important therapeutic goal in the twenty-first century. During the twentieth century, however …

Infants born preterm are at a high risk for repeated pain exposure in early life. Despite valid
tools to assess pain in non-verbal infants and effective interventions to reduce pain …

Importance Because children in a preverbal stage of development are unable to voice their
feelings, they completely depend on their caregiving team for the interpretation and …

Abstract The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) scale is one of the most
widely used behavioural observation pain scales. However, the psychometrics of the scale …

Abstract The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scale is one of the most
commonly and widely used behavioral observation pain scales. The aim of this study was to …

Bedside caregivers assess infants' pain at constant intervals by observing specific
behavioral and physiological signs of pain. This standard has two main limitations. The first …

This review addresses the fundamental question of how we first experience pain, at the
beginning of our lives. The brain is activated by peripheral tissue damaging stimulation from …

Pain assessment and measurement are the cornerstones of pain management. Pain
assessment connotes a comprehensive multidimensional description. Conversely, pain …

This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 …

Newborn infants display strong nociceptive behavior in response to tissue damaging stimuli,
and this is accompanied by nociceptive activity generated in subcortical and cortical areas of …