Abstract Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key immunomodulatory cytokine that affects the
pathogenesis of diverse diseases, including autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammatory …

Astrocytes control multiple processes in the nervous system in health and disease. It is now
clear that specific astrocyte subsets or activation states are associated with specific genomic …

In chronic infection, inflammation and cancer, the tissue microenvironment controls how
local immune cells behave, with tissue-resident fibroblasts emerging as a key cell type in …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and life‐threating inflammatory disease of
gastroenteric tissue characterized by episodes of intestinal inflammation. The pathogenesis …

Abstract In 1973, IL-6 was identified as a soluble factor that is secreted by T cells and is
important for antibody production by B cells. Since its discovery more than 40 years ago, the …

Newly emerging viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-
CoV), Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome CoVs (MERS-CoV), and H7N9, cause fatal …

Cytokines are involved in intestinal homeostasis and pathological processes associated
with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The biological effects of cytokines, including several …

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are
characterized by uncontrolled activation of intestinal immune cells in a genetically …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal
tract. Cytokine-targeted therapies have transformed the treatment of IBD, providing control of …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in countless
infections and caused millions of deaths since its emergence in 2019. Coronavirus disease …