Bone homeostasis involves bone formation and bone resorption, which are processes that
maintain skeletal health. Oxidative stress is an independent risk factor, causing the …

Osteoporosis, a metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mineral density and
deterioration of bone microarchitecture, has led to a high risk of fatal osteoporotic fractures …

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular process, in which domestic cellular
components are selectively digested for the recycling of nutrients and energy. This process …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), remains
as one of the major causes of vision loss worldwide. The release of pro-inflammatory …

Estrogen deficiency causes a gut microbiome–dependent expansion of BM Th17 cells and
TNF-α–producing T cells. The resulting increased BM levels of IL-17a (IL-17) and TNF …

As the most common bone disease, osteoporosis (OP) increases bone fragility and makes
patients more vulnerable to the threat of osteoporotic fractures. With the ageing population in …

Background/Aims: Apoptosis and autophagy are two patterns of programmed cell death
which play important roles in the intervertebral disc degeneration. Oxidative stress is an …

Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by the loss of bone mass and
microarchitecture deterioration of bone tissue, attributed to various factors, including …

Autophagy, a major catabolic pathway responsible of the elimination of damaged proteins
and organelles, is now recognized as an anti-aging process. In addition to its basal role in …

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular process and is considered one of the
main catabolism pathways. In the process of autophagy, cells are digested nonselectively or …