The high selectivity and affinity of antibodies toward their antigens have made them a highly
valuable tool in disease therapy, diagnosis, and basic research. A plethora of chemical and …

Introduction The biological membranes as natural permeable barriers are required for
survival and function of living cells. However, these natural barriers could be a major …

The intrinsic property of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) to deliver therapeutic molecules
(nucleic acids, drugs, imaging agents) to cells and tissues in a nontoxic manner has …

Twenty years ago, the discovery of peptides able to cross cellular membranes launched a
novel field in molecular delivery based on these non-invasive vectors, most commonly …

The interaction of nanomaterials with cells and lipid bilayers is critical in many applications
such as phototherapy, imaging, and drug/gene delivery. These applications require a firm …

Recently, much attention has been given to the problem of drug delivery through the cell‐
membrane in order to treat and manage several diseases. The discovery of cell penetrating …

To achieve highly effective treatment to diseases, successful delivery of drugs with a carrier
into the specific organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.) is of great importance …

The recent discovery of new potent therapeutic molecules that do not reach the clinic due to
poor delivery and low bioavailability have made of delivery a key stone in therapeutic …

Nanoscale objects are typically internalized by cells into membrane-bounded endosomes
and fail to access the cytosolic cell machinery. Whereas some biomacromolecules may …

The successful delivery of therapeutic genes to the designated target cells and their
availability at the intracellular site of action are crucial requirements for successful gene …