BACKGROUND The idea that memory is stored as enduring changes in the brain dates
back at least to the time of Plato and Aristotle (circa 350 BCE), but its scientific articulation …

Over the past century, psychologists have discussed whether forgetting might arise from
active mechanisms that promote memory loss to achieve various functions, such as …

A new theory about the origins of consciousness that finds learning to be the driving force in
the evolutionary transition to basic consciousness. What marked the evolutionary transition …

The testing effect is a well-known concept referring to gains in learning and retention that
can occur when students take a practice test on studied material before taking a final test on …

Engaging in a test over previously studied information can serve as a potent learning event,
a phenomenon referred to as the testing effect. Despite a surge of research in the past …

Although students tend to dislike exams, tests—broadly defined in the present commentary
as opportunities to practice retrieving to-be-learned information—can function as one of the …

To evaluate the veracity of models of the mere exposure effect and to understand the
processes that moderate the effect, we conducted a meta-analysis of the influence of …

Knowing how to manage one's own learning has become increasingly important in recent
years, as both the need and the opportunities for individuals to learn on their own outside of …

Understanding the brain requires us to answer both what the brain does, and how it does it.
Using a series of examples, I make the case that behavior is often more useful than …

Neural oscillations in the theta band (4–8 Hz) are prominent in the human
electroencephalogram (EEG), and many recent electrophysiological studies in animals and …