To date, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has determined 399,600,607 cases and 5,757,562 …

Over the past several decades, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have progressed from a
scepticism-inducing idea to clinical reality. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic catalysed the …

mRNA vaccines have been demonstrated as a powerful alternative to traditional
conventional vaccines because of their high potency, safety and efficacy, capacity for rapid …

Recent advances in the generation, purification and cellular delivery of RNA have enabled
development of RNA-based therapeutics for a broad array of applications. RNA therapeutics …

Highlights•mRNA vaccines address many of the weaknesses of conventional vaccine
types.•Innovations in recent years revolutionized the applicability of mRNA vaccines.•mRNA …

Abstract mRNA technologies have the potential to transform areas of medicine, including the
prophylaxis of infectious diseases. The advantages for vaccines range from the acceleration …

Since its outbreak in late 2019, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread
to every continent on the planet. The global pandemic has affected human health and …

The recently emerged Zika virus (ZIKV) spread to the Americas, causing a spectrum of
congenital diseases including microcephaly in newborn and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) …

Memory B cells (MBCs) can respond to heterologous antigens either by molding new
specificities through secondary germinal centers (GCs) or by selecting preexisting clones …

After centuries of development, using vaccination to stimulate immunity has become an
effective method for prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases including infective …