Cytokines are secreted or membrane-presented molecules that mediate broad cellular
functions, including development, differentiation, growth and survival. Accordingly, the …

The discovery of interleukin-2 (IL-2) changed the molecular understanding of how the
immune system is controlled. IL-2 is a pleiotropic cytokine, and dissecting the signaling …

IL-2 was first identified as a growth factor capable of driving the expansion of activated
human T cell populations. In the more than 40 years since its discovery, a tremendous …

Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways, which affects more than 350 million people
worldwide. It is the most common chronic disease in children, affecting at least 30 million …

Cytokines play a critical role in regulating host immune response toward cancer and
determining the overall fate of tumorigenesis. The tumor microenvironment is dominated …

Naïve CD4 T cells, on activation, differentiate into distinct T helper (Th) subsets that produce
lineage-specific cytokines. By producing unique sets of cytokines, effector Th subsets play …

Depletion of regulatory T (TReg) cells in otherwise healthy individuals leads to multi-organ
autoimmune disease and inflammation. This indicates that in a normal immune system …

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) release interleukin-13 (IL-13) during protective
immunity to helminth infection and detrimentally during allergy and asthma. Using two …

Abstract Interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, the signature cytokines that are produced during
type 2 immune responses, are critical for protective immunity against infections of …

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced after antigen activation that plays
pivotal roles in the immune response. Discovered as a T cell growth factor, IL-2 additionally …