Optical trap** describes the interaction between light and matter to manipulate micro-
objects through momentum transfer. In the case of 3D trap** with a single beam, this is …

We outline the basic principles of optical tweezers as well as the fundamental theory
underlying optical tweezers. The optical forces responsible for trap** result from the …

Since their development in the 1980s, optical tweezers have become a widely used and
versatile tool in many fields. Outstanding applications include the quantitative measurement …

Black holes are fundamental to our understanding of modern astrophysics, yet the origin of
this concept can be traced back to the writings of England's John Michell and France's Pierre …

Newton wrote in the Principia that all bodies are to be regarded as subject to the principle of
gravitation. Every body, however great or small, is related to every other body in the universe …

1.1 Background Late in the year 1783, Benjamin Franklin (then US representative in France)
wrote from Paris to his regular London scientific correspondent Sir Joseph Banks (then …

" I do not expect that the account of my experiments on air will give you so much satisfaction
as you expect, owing to the great difference between seeing and reading. I have not yet …

Enhanced precision in astronomical observations and their reasonable mathematical
treatment underlie observational astronomy. Beginning with BRADLEY, the need for regular …

Die Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung ueberrascht dadurch, da sie zwei v llig unabh ngige
und dennoch gleichzeitig einsetzende Wurzeln hat: die Erforschung der Gluecksspiele und …

This article seeks to provide a historically well-informed analysis of an important post-
Newtonian area of research in experimental physics between 1798 and 1898, namely the …