The Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the dominant component of the intraseasonal (30–
90 days) variability in the tropical atmosphere. It consists of large‐scale coupled patterns in …

The 1997–98 El Niño was, by some measures, the strongest on record, with major climatic
impacts felt around the world. A newly completed tropical Pacific atmosphere-ocean …

Beginning from the hypothesis by Bjerknes [1969] that ocean‐atmosphere interaction was
essential to the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, the Tropical Ocean …

A major accomplishment of the recently completed Tropical Ocean‐Global Atmosphere
(TOGA) Program was the development of an ocean observing system to support seasonal …

The new level of precision and global coverage provided by satellite altimetry is rapidly
advancing studies of ocean circulation. It allows for new insights into marine geodesy, ice …

Rossby waves play a critical role in the transient adjustment of ocean circulation to changes
in large-scale atmospheric forcing. The TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimeter has detected …

Recent findings about zonal displacements of the Pacific warm pool required a notable
modification of the delayed action oscillator theory, the current leading theory for the El Niño …

The TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter has provided further evidence that interannual warming
occurs in the Indian Ocean with a frequency similar to that of El Niño in the Pacific and has …

This study explores whether anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial
Pacific during warm events of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are related to the …

▪ Abstract For technical reasons, the general circulation of the ocean has historically been
treated as a steady, laminar flow field. The recent availability of extremely high-accuracy and …