We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the
1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the …

X-ray and ultraviolet (UV) observations of the outer solar atmosphere have been used for
many decades to measure the fundamental parameters of the solar plasma. This review …

Context. The heating of the solar corona by small heating events requires an increasing
number of such events at progressively smaller scales, with the bulk of the heating occurring …

Context. Recent observations by the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) on board Solar Orbiter
have characterized prevalent small-scale transient brightenings in the corona above the …

Strong solar flares and coronal mass ejections, here defined not only as the bursts of
electromagnetic radiation but as the entire process in which magnetic energy is released …

Solar coronal loops are the building blocks of the solar corona. These dynamic structures
are shaped by the magnetic field that expands into the solar atmosphere. They can be …

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar flares are the large-scale and most energetic
eruptive phenomena in our solar system and able to release a large quantity of plasma and …

The discovery of exoplanets and the desire to understand their atmospheric chemical
composition and habitability provides a new rationale for understanding the radiation from X …

Hinode is Japan's third solar mission following Hinotori (1981–1982) and Yohkoh (1991–
2001): it was launched on 2006 September 22 and is in operation currently. Hinode carries …

Abstract The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is a new powerful tool for
observing the Sun at high spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution. These capabilities can …