This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
During pregnancy, it is evolutionarily advantageous for inflammatory immune responses that …

Inflammation mediated by both innate and adaptive immune cells is necessary for several
important processes during pregnancy. Pro-inflammatory immune cell activation plays a …

Tim R. Mosmann and Subash Sad he T helper 1 (Thl) and Th2 patterns of cytokine
production were originally described among mouse CD4'T-cell clone@ and later among …

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a central regulator of inflammation, and TNF-α
antagonists may be effective in treating inflammatory disorders in which TNF-α plays a major …

A successful pregnancy requires that the maternal immune system is instructed to a state of
tolerance to avoid rejection of the semiallogeneic fetal–placental unit. Although increasing …

Abstract T helper type 1 (Th1) lymphocytes secrete secrete interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-γ,
and lymphotoxin-α and stimulate type 1 immunity, which is characterized by intense …

Recurrent pregnancy losses (RPL) is a common reproductive disorder with various
underlying etiologies. In recent years, rapid progress has been made in exploring the …

Several years ago, the rather provocative question was raised: is successful pregnancy a T
helper 2 (Th2) phenomenon? Implicit in this argument is the corollary that unsuccessful …

The dominant lymphocytes in human and murine implantation sites are transient, pregnancy-
associated uterine natural killer (uNK) cells. These cells are a major source of interferon …

Pregnancy is a unique immunological state in which a balance of immune tolerance and
suppression is needed to protect the fetus without compromising the mother. It has long …