Copper is an essential trace element in biological systems, maintaining the activity of
enzymes and the function of transcription factors. However, at high concentrations, copper …

Cellular hypoxia occurs when the demand for sufficient molecular oxygen needed to
produce the levels of ATP required to perform physiological functions exceeds the vascular …

Hypoxia is prevalent in human tumours and contributes to microenvironments that shape
cancer evolution and adversely affect therapeutic outcomes. Historically, two different …

Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors, and develops because of the rapid growth of
the tumor that outstrips the oxygen supply, and impaired blood flow due to the formation of …

Contingent upon concentration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) influence cancer evolution
in apparently contradictory ways, either initiating/stimulating tumorigenesis and supporting …

Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-protein thiol present at millimolar
concentrations in mammalian tissues. As an important intracellular antioxidant, it acts as a …

Background Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a recently discovered angiogenetic process
found in many malignant tumors, and is different from the traditional angiogenetic process …

Background & Aims Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element whose serum levels have
been reported to act as an effective indicator of the efficacy of radiotherapy. However, little is …

Reprogrammed metabolism is a hallmark of colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC cells are geared
toward rapid proliferation, requiring nutrients and the removal of cellular waste in nutrient …

Hypoxia, a hallmark of solid tumors, determines the selection of invasive and aggressive
malignant clones displaying resistance to radiotherapy, conventional chemotherapy or …