This paper surveys what is known about the extent of international technology diffusion and
channels through which technology spreads. Productivity differences explain much of the …

Why are some countries so much richer than others? Development Accounting is a first-pass
attempt at organizing the answer around two proximate determinants: factors of production …

The gravity equation is the workhorse model of trade. Despite solid theoretical foundations
and clear gains from theory‐consistent policy analysis, there are still gaps between gravity …

This chapter focuses on the estimation and interpretation of gravity equations for bilateral
trade. This necessarily involves a careful consideration of the theoretical underpinnings …

We review a recent body of theoretical work that aims to put numbers on the consequences
of globalization. A unifying theme of our survey is methodological. We rely on gravity models …

We study the employment responses to the expansion of US exports and to the import
competition, especially from China. We find that although import competition reduces jobs …

This paper estimates a structural model of economic geography using cross-country data on
per capita income, bilateral trade, and the relative price of manufacturing goods. We provide …

We develop a quantitative framework to explain the relationship between aggregate/sector-
level total factor productivity (TFP) and financial development across countries. Financial …

This paper provides a survey and synthesis of econometric tools that have been employed
to study economic growth. While these tools range across a variety of statistical methods …

Growth theory has traditionally assumed the existence of an aggregate production function,
whose existence and properties are closely tied to the assumption of optimal resource …