Lactate (La−) has long been at the center of controversy in research, clinical, and athletic
settings. Since its discovery in 1780, La− has often been erroneously viewed as simply a …

To minimize transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-
2), the novel coronavirus responsible for coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the US Centers …

Our aim is to present an updated overview of the erythrocyte metabolism highlighting its
richness and complexity. We have manually collected and connected the available …

Structural and functional complexities of the mammalian lung evolved to meet a unique set
of challenges, namely, the provision of efficient delivery of inspired air to all lung units within …

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is ideally suited to quantify exercise tolerance and
evaluate the pathophysiological mechanism (s) of dyspnea and exercise limitation in people …

In this review, we detail how the pulmonary system's response to exercise is impacted by
both sex and gender in healthy humans across the lifespan. First, the rationale for why sex …

Epithelial transport is a multifaceted process crucial for maintaining normal physiological
functions in the human body. This comprehensive review delves into the pathophysiological …

The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is an important physiological investigation that
can aid clinicians in their evaluation of exercise intolerance and dyspnea. Maximal oxygen …

We sought to determine the impact of wearing cloth or surgical masks on the
cardiopulmonary responses to moderate-intensity exercise. Twelve subjects (n= 5 females) …

This historical review traces key discoveries regarding K+ and Na+ ions in skeletal muscle at
rest and with exercise, including contents and concentrations, Na+, K+-ATPase (NKA) and …