Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating illness characterized by neuroanatomical
and functional alterations in limbic structures, notably the prefrontal cortex (PFC), that can be …

Stress is defined as an adverse condition that disturbs the homeostasis of the body and
activates adaptation responses. Among the many pathways and mediators involved …

The gut–brain axis refers to the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain.
Four information carriers (vagal and spinal afferent neurons, immune mediators such as …

The recent identification of cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous lipid ligands has
triggered an exponential growth of studies exploring the endocannabinoid system and its …

This transdisciplinary review of the literature addresses the questions, Do stress and
negative affect (NA) promote smoking? and Does smoking genuinely relieve stress and NA …

Obesity markedly increases the odds of develo** depression. Depressed mood not only
impairs motivation, quality of life and overall functioning but also increases the risks of …

This review provides a neuroadaptive perspective regarding the role of the hormonal and
brain stress systems in drug addiction with a focus on the changes that occur during the …

Fear is an adaptive component of the acute “stress” response to potentially-dangerous
(external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when …

Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drinking, loss of
control over intake, and impaired social and occupational function. Animal models have …

NPY antagonizes behavioral consequences of stress through actions within the brain.
Behavioral anti-stress actions of NPY are noteworthy in that (1) their magnitude surpasses …