The circulation of the Southern Ocean connects ocean basins, links the deep and shallow
layers of the ocean, and has a strong influence on global ocean circulation, climate …

Antarctica is the most isolated continent on Earth, but it has not escaped the negative
impacts of human activity. The unique marine ecosystems of Antarctica and their endemic …

The sixth version of the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC), called
MIROC6, was cooperatively developed by a Japanese modeling community. In the present …

This study introduces CNRM‐ESM2‐1, the Earth system (ES) model of second generation
developed by CNRM‐CERFACS for the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison …

The atmosphere and ocean are two of the most important components of the climate system,
and fluid dynamics is central to our understanding of both. This book provides a unified and …

An eddy-permitting general circulation model of the Southern Ocean is fit by constrained
least squares to a large observational dataset during 2005–06. Data used include Argo float …

To understand how planet Earth works we study it increasingly as a system–a collection of
interdependent parts or spheres–the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the …

The air–sea exchange of heat and carbon in the Southern Ocean (SO) plays an important
role in mediating the climate state. The dominant role the SO plays in storing anthropogenic …

The Finite Element Sea Ice-Ocean Model (FESOM) is the first global ocean general
circulation model based on unstructured-mesh methods that has been developed for the …

Benthic communities living in shallow-shelf habitats in Antarctica (< 100-m depth) are
archaic in structure and function compared to shallow-water communities elsewhere …