Seminal fluid is often assumed to have just one function in mammalian reproduction,
delivering sperm to fertilize oocytes. But seminal fluid also transmits signaling agents that …

The male genital tract (MGT) is the target of a number of viral infections that can have
deleterious consequences at the individual, offspring, and population levels. These …

Semen contains relatively ill-defined regulatory components that likely aid fertilization, but
which could also interfere with defense against infection. Each ejaculate contains trillions of …

Tissue mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) are specialised in pathogen detection and antigen
presentation. As such they deliver HIV to its primary target cells; CD4 T cells. Most MNP HIV …

The male and female reproductive tracts are complex microenvironments that have diverse
functional demands. The immune system in the reproductive tract has the demanding task of …

In the context of HIV sexual transmission at the genital mucosa, initial interactions between
the virus and the mucosal immunity determine the outcome of the exposure. Hence, these …

Exosomes, 30–200 nm nanostructures secreted from donor cells and internalized by
recipient cells, can play an important role in the cellular entry of some viruses. These …

Nowadays, infertility is classified as a disease of the reproductive system. Although it does
not compromise the life of the individual, it can have detrimental effects on the physiological …

Semen deposition results in modulated immunity and an inflammatory response of the
genital mucosa, which promotes conditions facilitating conception and pregnancy. These …

The terms extracellular vesicles, microvesicles, oncosomes, or exosomes are often used
interchangeably as descriptors of particles that are released from cells and comprise a lipid …