Blockers of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), that is, renin inhibitors,
angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, Ang II type 1 receptor antagonists …

Estrogens mediate profound effects throughout the body and regulate physiological and
pathological processes in both women and men. The low prevalence of many diseases in …

Abstract The 11 th St Gallen (Switzerland) expert consensus meeting on the primary
treatment of early breast cancer in March 2009 maintained an emphasis on targeting …

Two major functions of the mammalian ovary are the production of germ cells (oocytes),
which allow continuation of the species, and the generation of bioactive molecules, primarily …

Parkinson's disease (PD) displays a greater prevalence and earlier age at onset in men.
This review addresses the concept that sex differences in PD are determined, largely, by …

The hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis represents a complex neuroendocrine
feedback loop controlling the secretion of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones. Central to its …

Estrogens play an important role in the regulation of normal physiology, aging and many
disease states. Although the nuclear estrogen receptors have classically been described to …

Bisphenol A (BPA) is the most simple and predominant component of the Bisphenol family.
BPA is widely present in the environment and the human body as a result of its extensive …

Estrogen governs the regulations of various pathological and physiological actions
throughout the body in both males and females. Generally, 17β-estradiol an endogenous …

Brain cells are continuously exposed to corticosteroid hormones, although the levels vary
(eg, after stress). Corticosteroids alter neural activity via two receptor types …