This second part of the review on defects as root cause of fatigue failure comprises the
origin, the nature and the effects of non-metallic inclusions. Topics addressed are the …

The effects of environment (in air and 3.5 wt% NaCl solution) and artificially-induced surface
scratches are investigated on the fatigue properties of railway EA4T (also called 25CrMo4) …

To increase the prediction accuracy of small-number sample life data, improved backward
statistical inference approach (ISIA) was formulated using the modified distribution …

Fatigue performance in both traditional and additively manufactured materials is severely
affected by the presence of defects, which deserve special attention to ensure the in-service …

Very-high-cycle fatigue (VHCF) is the fatigue damage and failure beyond 10 7 loading
cycles. Crack initiation of VHCF for metallic materials is commonly from the interior of …

Various surface defects of high-speed railway lightweight hollow axles made of alloy steel
were identified carefully for assessing its operation safety and reliability. Three types of …

The fatigue properties and residual stress relaxation behavior of EA4T axle steel treated by
ultrasonic surface rolling process (USRP) are investigated in air and corrosive …

Fretting fatigue in press-fitted axles is closely related to fretting wear. However, most studies
have been limited to the effect of fretting wear on crack initiation, neglecting the interaction …

Fatigue is a classic and longstanding issue, which challenges railway axles' structural
integrity. In spite of its almost 200 years of research history, it has always been a hot topic …

Railway brake discs are the safety–critical components usually designed for up to ten years
of operation. To guarantee the safety, fracture mechanics method was applied to perform the …