Carbon storage by the ocean and by the land is usually quantified separately, and does not
fully take into account the land-to-ocean transport of carbon through inland waters …

Global development has been heavily reliant on the overexploitation of natural resources
since the Industrial Revolution. With the extensive use of fossil fuels, deforestation, and other …

Chapter 2, building on prior assessments1, provides a global assessment of the observed
impacts and projected risks of climate change to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems …

Tidal wetlands are expected to respond dynamically to global environmental change, but the
extent to which wetland losses have been offset by gains remains poorly understood. We …

Ocean and coastal ecosystems support life on Earth and many aspects of human well-being.
Covering two-thirds of the planet, the ocean hosts vast biodiversity and modulates the global …

Salt marshes provide ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, coastal protection,
sea-level-rise (SLR) adaptation and recreation. SLR, storm events, drainage and mangrove …

Blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs), including mangrove forests, seagrass meadows and tidal
marshes, store carbon and provide co-benefits such as coastal protection and fisheries …

ES 6: 3-5 Replace “It is unequivocal that emissions of the well-mixed greenhouse gases
(GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) from human activities …

Chapter 2, building on prior assessments, provides a global assessment of the observed
impacts and projected risks of climate change to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems …

The Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector encompasses managed
ecosystems and offers significant mitigation opportunities while delivering food, wood and …