Process-based modelling offers interpretability and physical consistency in many domains of
geosciences but struggles to leverage large datasets efficiently. Machine-learning methods …

This work documents version two of the Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth
System Model (E3SM). E3SMv2 is a significant evolution from its predecessor E3SMv1 …

Soil salinization has become one of the major environmental and socioeconomic issues
globally and this is expected to be exacerbated further with projected climatic change …

Short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) affect climate and are, in most cases, also air pollutants.
They include aerosols (sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, carbonaceous aerosols, mineral dust …

Cities are generally warmer than their adjacent rural land, a phenomenon known as the
urban heat island (UHI). Often accompanying the UHI effect is another phenomenon called …

Terrestrial ecosystems are essential for food and water security and CO2 uptake. Ecosystem
function is dependent on the availability of soil moisture, yet it is unclear how climate change …

As ice plays a critical role in various aspects of life, from food preservation to ice sports and
ecosystem, it is desirable to protect ice from melting, especially under sunlight. The …

Five out of six La Niña events since 1998 have lasted two to three years. Why so many long-
lasting multiyear La Niña events have emerged recently and whether they will become more …

Projecting mitigations of carbon neutrality from individual countries in relation to future
global warming is of great importance for depicting national climate responsibility but is …

Abstract In July-August 2022, Yangtze River Valley (YRV) experienced unprecedented hot
summer, with the number of heatwave days exceeding climatology by four standard …