Nuzzo, JL. Narrative review of sex differences in muscle strength, endurance, activation,
size, fiber type, and strength training participation rates, preferences, motivations, injuries …

Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex
differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones …

The review provides a comprehensive update (previous report: Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di
Lazzaro V, Lefaucheur JP, Magistris MR, et al. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial …

New Findings What is the topic of this review? We review sex differences within
physiological systems implicated in exercise performance; specifically, how they integrate to …

Sustained physical exercise leads to a reduced capacity to produce voluntary force that
typically outlasts the exercise bout. This “fatigue” can be due both to impaired muscle …

Sex‐related differences in physiology and anatomy are responsible for profound differences
in neuromuscular performance and fatigability between men and women. Women are …

Performance fatigability differs between men and women for a range of fatiguing tasks.
Women are usually less fatigable than men and this is most widely described for isometric …

Much is known about the physiological impairments that can cause muscle fatigue. It is
known that fatigue can be caused by many different mechanisms, ranging from the …

Drawing on the disciplines of neurophysiology and physics, Neuromechanics of Human
Movement, Fourth Edition, explores how the nervous system controls the actions of muscles …

Magnetic and electrical stimulation at different levels of the neuraxis show that supraspinal
and spinal factors limit force production in maximal isometric efforts (“central fatigue”). In …