The spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ in the body and, as such, hosts a wide
range of immunologic functions alongside its roles in hematopoiesis and red blood cell …

The discovery of interleukin (IL)-6 and its receptor subunits provided a foundation to
understand the biology of a group of related cytokines: IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27. These family …

Innate immune receptors have a key role in immune surveillance by sensing
microorganisms and initiating protective immune responses. However, the innate immune …

Interleukin (IL) 23 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of a p19 subunit and the p40
subunit of IL-12. IL-23 affects memory T cell and inflammatory macrophage function through …

Malaria is a major cause of disease and death in tropical countries. A safe and effective
vaccine is essential to achieve significant and sustained reductions in malaria-related …

Greater than 80% of malaria-related mortality occurs in sub-Saharan Africa due to infections
with Plasmodium falciparum. The majority of P. falciparum-related mortality occurs in …

The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors of Plasmodium falciparum have been
proposed to be the major factors that contribute to malaria pathogenesis through their ability …

CD4+ T-cells have been shown to play a central role in immune control of infection with
Plasmodium parasites. At the erythrocytic stage of infection, IFN-γ production by CD4+ T …

Coevolution of humans and malaria parasites has generated an intricate balance between
the immune system of the host and virulence factors of the parasite, equilibrating maximal …

Malaria is caused by the protozoan Plasmodium, transmitted to humans by Anopheles
mosquitoes. The most dangerous of the plasmodia infecting humans is Plasmodium …